Virtual team - Organizational Behaviour free essay sample

A virtual team is a team whose members operate across space, time and organizational boundaries, and are linked through information technologies to achieve organizational tasks. [1] With more and more corporations having their business operations going global and being enabled by the advancement of technology, virtual team becomes an emerging new-age trend. [2] Virtual teams offer several advantages and disadvantages to organizations that require exploration. [3] Advantages of Virtual Teams -Cost savings One of the advantages an organization would enjoy through creating virtual team is cost saving. The organization will be able to eliminate costs associating to office spaces, utilities, executives’ travels, co-locations of global teams. [4] -Improved productivity and customer service With the members of the virtual team spreading over the time zones, there could be people working on the same project or serving customers on a 24*7 basis. The project or the service keeps running without being interrupted when any team member needs to be off work for rest. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual team Organizational Behaviour or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This shortens the product development time as well as enables the firm to respond more quickly to the demands of customers in both global and local markets. [5] -Access to previously unavailable expertise and talents Virtual Teams allows organizations to look for expertise beyond their geographical locations of operation. This brings together the experts and specialists from across the globe to work together on the project. It also creates the opportunity for organization to hire talents who are less mobile and hesitant to relocate due to either family requirement or physical challenge. [6] -Knowledge sharing and transfer: Virtual teams represent a natural part of the organizational learning process because employees are encouraged to share and use knowledge where geography limits more direct forms of collaboration. Increased knowledge sharing and greater innovation happen as organization’s human capital share their understanding of global and local markets as well as best business practices. [7] Online meetings, remote computer access, wireless technology, and conferencing systems offer a way for participants to join a complex discussion from anywhere in the world. This benefit can enable most companies to compete on a global scale. [8] Disadvantages of Virtual Teams -Conflicts and collaboration issues Very likely, members of the virtual team come from different cultures, especially in big organizations. The cultural differences among virtual team members may create misunderstanding or even conflicts. If the lack of awareness towards culture differences goes on, the willingness among team members to collaborate with each other will be reduced. This could lead to mistrust and difficulties in team work which, however, is vital for the success of virtual team functioning. [9] -Communication deficiency: Another disadvantage virtual team may suffer from is the loss of efficiency in communication due to constraints in virtual communication mediums. People communicate better through face to face interactions primarily because it would enable them to read the sub-context through the non-verbal language such as facial expression, tones and body moves. Limited by the inherent nature of virtual interaction, teams will inevitably face challenges that the assumptions and judgment could be incorrect when messages are not laid out clearly. [10] -Leadership and management challenges: Poor leadership can result in the failure of any team, whether virtual or not; however, it becomes a much more prominent problem in virtual teams. As members of the virtual team can be based out of everywhere and across different time zones, the manager of team may face huge challenges in order to provide sufficient level of supervision towards team performance and offer appropriate support and counseling advice to individual team member when needed. [11] -Social Isolation Many members of virtual teams are adversely affected by the lack of physical interactions as most of the communications in virtual environment is task-oriented. Lack of social interaction with colleagues who very often become friends gives people who work in virtual team a not-so-good feeling of social isolation. This in turn counter-effects productivity as well as leads to stress. [12] Factors for Virtual Team to be successful: Face-to-face meeting early in the team development process It helps with team building and also contributes to form the team trust through creating opportunity for people to get to know each other [13] -Sufficient structures: Shared operational objective, work processes, clearly defined roles and responsibilities A team is more likely to be effective with shared goals as it enables greater collaboration, communication, and a greater degree of unity. Shared goals also create a culture of accountability, which encourage teams to take a public position and motivate one another to fulfill their promises. [14] Clear definition for each team member’s roles and responsibilities are also crucial. Each team member knows exactly what he/she is expected to perform. It will, to a great extent, avoid the situation that some people are extremely busy in the team while some others are idle, which may eventually result in complains, distrust and conflict -Good communication technology skills, strong self-leadership skills to motivate and guide each team member’s behaviour without peers or bosses nearby [15] -High emotional intelligence People can decipher the feeling of others from email and other limited communication media, able to sense and identify the early risks associating with culture/ background difference [16] -Efficient communication mechanism and the freedom to choose the best communication channels [17] -Culture for cooperation, trust and respect [18] -Effective team leadership -Clear criteria for measuring both individual member’s performance and team success 2. Describe the kinds of behaviours that individual team members can engage in that positively impact overall team effectiveness. (10 marks) There are certain behaviours that would positively impact the team effectiveness: -Demonstrate ownership mentality Instead of only taking assignments and completing them without a thought as to how individual efforts impact the success of the business, virtual team members, when have ownership mentalities, enthusiastically give the extra effort and choose strive for bigger and better results [19] -Highly motivated to team activities [20] -Self- Disciplined and self-reliance If every individual of the virtual team walks the talk and never fails to meet any commitment, people then know they can count on each other during the course of pursuing team success [21] -Ability to tolerant ambiguity Virtual team inevitably faces ambiguity as many other types of teams do. High tolerance of ambiguity allows people to absorb large amounts of disruptive change while showing a low level of dysfunctional behavior which may significantly detract individual or team from quality and productivity [22] -Openly communicate but meanwhile maintain respects to individual and cultural difference Expressing ideas in a direct but respectful way and treating other people with consideration and courtesy will significantly reduce the conflicts in the team and help create a healthy working environment -Offer support to others Providing support through offering positive feedbacks, and helps when needed contributes to a healthy team environment and improves the team efficiency 3. Describe the kinds of behaviours that individual team members can engage in that negatively impact overall team effectiveness. (10 marks) There are also behaviours adversely impact team effectiveness: -Avoid accountability When team members aren’t accountable for their own actions, they hurt their own performance. And when they duck responsibility for calling out other team members for their behaviours, the performance of the whole team suffers [23] -Focus on personal agenda rather than team objectives The shared objective among team members helps to create a synergy effect within the teams. An individual though can accomplish much by acting alone, but a group of people acting together in a unified force can accomplish more. If people focus more on their personal agendas, synergy then no longer exists. The competitive advantage obtained through teamwork goes away [24] -Not consistent between words and deeds Repeatedly fail to deliver on promises and commitments eventually lead to distrust among members in a virtual team. A team without members trusting each other dooms to failure. -Stingy to share important information -Passive-Aggressive Behaviors Behaviours such as making chronic excuses for lack of follow-through or poor performance, or being unresponsive or non-communicative to avoid discomfort or conflict will inevitably lead to tension, depletion of energy and conflict in the virtual team and hence result in deficiency of the team work [25] 4. Outline how you intend to approach participation in your group project, explaining how your plans for participation will likely impact your project team. Include an analysis of your results from the Group/Team Skills activity you completed from the Module 6 reading. (10 marks) To participate in my group project, I will: -Actively participate to group discussion -Make efforts in team coordination -Seek first to understand, then to be understood (7 Habits of Highly Effective People, Steven Covey) -Provide constructive feedbacks to other team members and meanwhile be open to others’ comments -Do exactly what I commit to -Offer helps to others when needed I would anticipate that my plans for participation would positively contribute to build team trust and cohesion. As it is a newly established project team, there may be a certain level of trust. However, it is very fragile and could be easily broken if any of the team member drop the ball or demonstrate the social loafing behavior. The consequence of working in the project team without trust is that the efficiency of the team is significantly handicapped. Besides, I would anticipate that my behavior would help me build rapport with other team members, which, in turn will establish the emotional tie within the team and contribute in team cohesion. Good team cohesion will enhance the performance of the team too. Results of Group/Team Skills Activity Skill Area ItemsAssessment – Dimension Scores Developing and Maintaining Rapport1-524 Listening to others6-1028 Displaying Sensitivity to Others’ Needs11-1528 Eliciting Ideas, Feelings and Perceptions16-2030 Presenting Feedbacks21-2526 Total Scores135 According to the result of this activity, I scored high in ‘listening to others’, ‘displaying sensitivity to others’ needs’ and ‘eliciting ideas, feelings and perceptions’, however, my score was comparably lower in ‘developing and maintaining rapport’. It indicates that I tend to be open to ideas and maintain sensitivity to others’ needs. However, it also indicates that I tend to build up relationship with others more slowly, which might be relating to my personal characteristics. According to the MBTI result, my profile is INTJ and my profile with DISC is High D, High C, above average S. Introverts might take longer time establishing rapport with others. Moreover, the ‘J’ in MBTI and ‘D’ in ‘DISC’ both indicate that I am a result-driven person. In the team setting, I may want to take the lead to drive for final result which can be an advantage but also be the potential area of improvement that I should be aware of. Sometimes I might seem to be pushy and overconfident of my judgment, which could cause problems when working with others.

Harmonization of law in the Eu essays

Harmonization of law in the Eu essays One of the corner stones of the building of the European union has been to create a single market, where the trade is free across the union and based on the theory of comparative advantages. Harmonization of national law in the EU-member states is closely linked to this free trade thought. The harmonization of law between the EU-countries can be seen as a main mechanism to eliminate unfair differences in legal regimes, because its purpose is to reduce the differences in law and politics of two jurisdictions. This means that the differences should be made as small as possible. This essay is going to bring some light on how harmonization of law in the European union works. My research is mainly going to focus on the question: what is the concept of law harmonization in the EU and how is it used to eliminate unfair competition on the internal market? To be able to reach the answer on this quite broad question Im also going to deal with the questions: what does law harmonization mean? What is the degree and scope of law harmonization? Which harmonization methods are visible in the EU? How to control that the member states are implementing the agreed law harmonization? Which action can be taken against member states that are not implementing the harmonization of a specific law? This research paper is a qualitative study based on secondary material, which means that I have used material, which is written by other researchers. I have used different sources to be able to give a picture about law harmonization that is as fair as possible. I have to admit that it is not possible to give a hundred percent true view in a short paper like this, because of the time limit and the lack of my own pre knowledge in the subject. The following section of the paper (section 2) concerns the concept of harmonization and indicates what law harmonization means and what the degree and scope of harmonization of law is. My intention here is to get so...

Strategy management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategy management - Essay Example Investors and the general public have become increasingly aware of the social, ethical and environmental contributions of the companies towards the society (Schwartz, 2011, p.29). These acts of social contribution help to develop a brand of goodwill for the companies. The acts on corporate social responsibility spreads a message that the company is a responsible citizen and is there to co-exist for longer period of time. This develops faith among the consumers and investors that influences their decision in favour of entering into relationship, transactions and investment in the companies. As a long term effect, corporate social responsibility increases the prospects of business growth, profitability and sustainability. Here lies the motivation of companies for adoption of corporate social responsibility measures. The Switzerland based Alliance Boots is no exception for adoption of corporate social responsibility (Horrigan, 2010, p.37). The company gets motivation for adoption of cor porate social responsibility as it leads to long term growth, increased market share and profitability. Alliance Boots is an international pharmacy-based health and beauty products provider in several countries across the world. The group acknowledges corporate social responsibility as an integral part of their business as they understand the relationship between a good business and being a good corporate citizen of the society (Banerjee, 2007, p.49). The community, environment, marketplace and the workplace are the focus areas for undertaking corporate social responsibility of the companies. Considering the example of Alliance Boots, the company contributes though its chain of pharmacies and independent pharmacies to develop the health standards of the community. The group is also committed to be a leader in mitigating the threats to the environment like global warming. This is done by undertaking active part to reduce carbon emissions to the environment. In order to integrate acti vities of corporate social responsibility into business process, the market place activities and the workplace activities of companies are dominated by their core business values, mission and vision. Apart from this, the companies have a strong system of governance that monitors and controls the activities of the employees and the business activities. For example, Alliance Boots exhibits all these features while undertaking corporate social responsibility (Crowther and  Rayman-Bacchus, 2004, p.35). Strategies of companies driven by the ethical issues and corporate social responsibility The strategies adopted by the companies are influenced by the ethical approach towards their business and is driven by activities of corporate social responsibility. In order to be ethical in conduct of their business, the companies focus on tightening their system of governance in order to achieve business integrity and at the same time contribute to build a better workplace, develop the community and environment (Mallin, 2007, p.35). For example, Alliance Boots have strategically developed and modelled score card for corporate social responsibility. The score card is strategically implemented as a part of tightening the governance of the company to track and monitor the activities of the employees and the company towards activities on corporate social

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Psychology - Essay Example rts claim that mental illness is nothing but a brain disorder like other illnesses, and there are no causes of mental illness such as ill-fated or bad deeds in the past/previous life. Analysis of the material (Corrigan & Watson, pp. 162-179, 2003) related to mental illness has indicated that mental illness has now become a usual notion in contemporary era, and most of the studies have specified that mental illness does not have a physical existence, and thus, it always required support of a theory or concept for its justification. For instance, during ancient and medieval periods, and even today in some parts of the globe, people relate magic, fate, witches, and unseen forces as causes of mental illness. Such perspective has increased the efforts of organizations and experts (Corrigan & Watson, pp. 162-179, 2003) to claim that mental illness is a brain disorder and that people with mental illness should acquire treatment accordingly rather than confront detestation, isolation, and magical interventions. Further analysis has indicated that experts (Farmer, pp. 40-46, 2001) have related intoxication of brain, and particularly, syphilis of brain as the major cause of mental illness in humans. Although very few experts (Stein, pp. 37-41, 2004) have accepted this notion, however, introduction of recent technologies in medical science has resulted in efforts made to prove such intoxications. In psychology, experts (Nestler, pp. 61-68, 2008) believe that abovementioned intoxications enforce patients to confront certain disorders in their thinking patterns that justify the unpredictable behavior of people confronting mental illness. In addition, experts have indicated that usually all types of brain disorders cause alterations in thinking and behavior patterns similar to mental illness, and thus, mental illness is a brain disorder that has been able to influence an enormous number of experts and psychologists globally. On the other hand, adversaries (Corrigan & Watson,

The financial impact upon Menzies Hotel Dissertation

The financial impact upon Menzies Hotel - Dissertation Example Financial Ratios 36 Financial Impact of the Takeover 38 Chapter 6: Conclusions and recommendations 42 Bibliography 45 Appendices 51 Appendix A. Ten people crimes and Organisational result 52 Appendix B. Key Issues to Address in Post-Merger Integration 53 Appendix C. Trompenaars' Theories on culture 54 Appendix D. Survey Questionnaire 55 Tables 57 Table 1.1. Financial Ratios of Menzies Hotels PLC as of January 2005 58 Table 1.2. Financial Highlights Queens Moat Hotels Ltd. as of December 2004 59 Table 2. Criteria on Interviewee Selection 60 Table 3. Summary of responses to Interviews 61 Table 4. Summary of Secondary Data on Relevant Theories 63 List of terms Acquisition: When one business takes control of another, this is known as an acquisition. Investment banks and other financial institutions often have mergers and acquisitions (M & A) departments, to provide financial and other forms of support for these activities. Some acquisitions, like Daimler Benz's of Chrysler in 1998, are disguised as a merger for political reasons. Due Diligence: An internal analysis by a lender, such as a bank, of existing debts owed by a borrower in order to identify or re-evaluate the risk; an independent analysis of the current financial state and future prospects of a company in anticipation of a major investment of venture capital or a stock-exchange flotation; a Venture Capitalist firm's examination by its lawyers and auditors of the records, accounts and any legal documents of an existing business. Four-Star hotel: Stars are used to give the traveller an indication of the very least they can expect from the hotel. A four-star hotel is fully en-suite, with a Restaurant for cooked breakfast and dinner, often smallish with 50-80 bedrooms and friendlier places to... This discussion talks that people-related risks and liabilities have a substantial effect on the acquisition value - and the price. These need to be discovered with due diligence before the deal is closed. Suggests using a 360-degree due diligence to give the buyer a complete look at value and risk.Examined benefits accruing to target shareholders in the five-year period after the combination and recommend getting paid in cash, favor investing in acquirers that use tender offers, and that stock payments be used if overpriced. Target shareholders who receive cash must buy acquirer stock. Shows three ways to determine the value of something through financial valuation: an income approach, a cost approach, or a market approach. Companies that pay attention to revenues and delivering on total return to shareholders instead of focusing exclusively on cost cutting are more successful at acquisitions. Problems with receivables can eat into the cash flow - and future revenues - of a newly fo rmed company. Buyer must ensure all supporting documentation on receivables sent as fast as possible to the new company's consolidated credit group. Should pooling of interests accounting be allowed In essence, when two firms combine, there are two methods that can be used to account for the combined value of the firm? They are the purchase method and the pooling of interests method. In most cases, they yield radically different outcomes - with pooling resulting in a much better-looking income statement for years to come.

Analysis of the Operations at Woolworths

Analysis of the Operations at Woolworths This essay is based on the analysis of the operations of the super market retail branch WOOLWORTHS, which is located in the heart of the Sydney CBD. Woolworths is a renowned chain of retail store in Australia and various other countries of the world. Woolworths have build up their standards of quality product and service for its customers. Current scenario of the Woolworths branch is that is having the problems with the personal performance of the branch staff, which has resulted in to decline of the quality of service leading to decline in the business for the branch. The purpose of this essay is to determine the various factors that determine the quality of service and identify the factors leading to the problem of poor personal performance of the staff. The further part of the essay describes about the various strategies applied and various steps taken in order to maintain the effective running of the operations and the improving the quality of service up to the Woolworths standard. At last Essay provides the overall conclusion of the Woolworths operations ineffectiveness and also the lack of various strategies required for effective and smooth operation system. Main body Today in the era of global competition Woolworths have set their standards of operation and quality services to its customers. At Woolworths store they are conscious of their responsibilities- serving the millions of the customers in each and every community across Australia and New Zealand. With this profile comes not only a responsibility to understand and manage our impact and also manage the long lasting benefits in the retail sector. Woolworths operations have set standards, which affect the share holders, customers and supply chain. This essay claims to give an insight into how the Woolworths perform well in the retail operations against their commitment and targets, Woolworths operations are known for its quality goods and services around the various different locations. Woolworths has been at or near the top of that list since early this decade. Known affectionately as Woolies in Australia, the company has ramped up the refurbishment of supermarkets in an effort to retain and bring in new customers. Woolworths (2010). A recent review of the branch has highlighted that branch is not performing its operations effectively and efficiently. The reason behind this scenario is that, the staffs seem to have taken the standard of their personal performance for granted. As such, it is important to carefully examine and study the present situation of the branch and plan ways on how to improve and re-establish the status of the Sydney branch in terms of process, capacity design and customer satisfaction Issues affecting the performance of staff Under the perspective of operational management, the various critical issues identified for the decline in the personal performance and ultimately resulting in the decline of the service quality and the business for the branch are the capacity; demand forecasting, supply chain, design process and human resources and job design. Service process design Woolworths retail the product combination of the good and services, goods are tangible and whereas the services are intangible. Service referred as an act that is done to or for customers. Chwen Sheu, Roger McHaney, Sunil Babbar, (2003) support that service processes require the participation of the customer without the customer, service processes cannot take place. Service at Woolworths are produced and consumed simultaneously at the point when the customers are shopping at Woolworths. Woolworths have established the standards from the manufacturing to the retail outlet, the quality services which are provided by the Woolworths staff. Which are inventory handling, displaying goods on shelves and helping customers for the customers within the outlet, with low customer interaction. The various varieties of tangible products are available at Woolworths which requires the least customer service delivery. As the customers select the goods and bring it to the counter for purchase. The self checkouts counters are also available at the various other outlets of Woolworths, for the ease of the customers to cut down the need of the service from the Woolworths staff, though they have a staff available for the help of the customers at the self checkout counters and this cannot be considered as the pure form of service. So, organizations those are dependent on customer participation causes difficulties in managing effective service process design. Service is provided by a service delivery system which includes facilities, processes and skills needed to provide the service (Stevenson 2009). In the case of Woolworths retail outlet there is inadequacy found in measuring service quality performance based on discussed criteria which leads to poor service quality and declining customer satisfaction. Forecasting issues Forecasting is considered to be the most important function in the retail organisation, as it enables the mangers to foresee the future needs and perform the related functions accordingly. Such as ordering of the next supply, managing the inventories, staffing is also equally linked with the forecasting functions. The quality of this business can only be good on the basis of its forecast. In todays economy where business condition is unstable forecasting is a bit difficult. (Aviv.Y, 2001). The Woolworths branch at Sydney CBD is also struggling with the forecasting issues, due to lack of countable performance of the Grocery manager. Retail organizations today must strive to satisfy the unique demand for each of their customers. Gone are the days of the mass market where a single assortment, standard pricing and a single average location forecast would satisfy consumer demand in all stores. To be effective, forecasts today must account for demand differences across all stores, geograph ies and product lines. The store manager is also incapable in providing the commendable performance due to the lack of interest and the availability of the old procedures. The resources available to them are not adequate and lack the evidence. The manger is completely dependable on the quantitative approach which includes the past historical data or the casual variables to forecast demand whereas the forecasting of the demand of the goods sold also requires the qualitative approach that is the incorporation of the factors such as the decision makers emotions, personal experience and value system. Demand and Capacity management Heizer and Render (2003) suggested that in the view of service industry scheduling customer is demand management and scheduling workforce is capacity management. Heizer and Render (2003) also support that the demand management is attempting to influence when customer attend the service and capacity management is ensuring the organization capability to meet the demand. In the operation of retail industry such as the Woolworths store, demand management is the management of the demand created for the goods and services at the store by the customer intended to purchase the goods and service according to their taste and preferences. Planning and providing the customers goods and services they desire at the time of their shopping is the capacity management. Various customers visit the store on daily basis and purchase the goods and consume the services according to their ease, the staff at the Woolworths is unable to handle the demand and deliver the goods and service according to their capacity. Understanding the demand is not sufficient to manage the demand fluctuation. It also involves the organizations capacity to fulfill the demand. Therefore, it is imperative for an organization to understand its capacity constraints in terms of time, labor, equipment, and facilities. The major challenge faced by outlet is the short of the capacity to minimize the waiting time of the customers at the purchasing counter. The lack of equipment and staffing during the peak hours has created a gap between the demand and the capacity of fulfilling the demand. Klassen K.J Rohleder T.R. 2002. Supply Chain management Supply chain management is considered to be the oversight of the materials, information and finances as they move in to a process from supplier to manufacturers to wholesalers and from retailer to consumers at the end. Supply chain management is said to be the integration of the activities that procure materials and services transform them into intermediate goods and final products and deliver them to the customers Effective Supply Chain Management can offer customers high quality products and services with low prices (Waller L.D 2003). Supply chain management involves the coordinating and integrating these flows with in and among the companies. The ultimate goal of the effective supply chain management is said to reduce the inventory and with the assumptions that products are available when needed, (Render.B, Heizer.J 2003). Supply chain management includes determining the following for the effective running of the operations. Transportation vendors, Credit and cash transfers, Suppliers, Ware housing and inventory Woolworths being a growing super market store in Australia, they have large number of suppliers supplying the various goods in store. However this store of Woolworths faces many challenges with the supply chain management, Such as the bulk order delivery of the goods at the receiving dock and lack of storage space for the certain products. Also the inappropriate tracking system of receiving and ordering of goods, they also suffer from Bullwhip effect, staffs of Woolworths branch stand helpless for the insufficient delivery of the goods and services by the suppliers. Due to the management problems the staffs of the Woolworths fails to provide the quality of goods and services to its customer due to the ineffective inventory management systems and control. Also due to the poor handling of the stock, store also suffer from the various product in to dump due to their expiry date and out of demand. Human resource issues Human resource foremost objective is to manage labour and design jobs so people are effectively and efficiently utilized and also they have the quality of work life in an atmosphere of mutual commitment and trust for instance the job which is not reasonably safe also for which the pay is equitable and also achieves the physical and physiological requirements. Various following issues which have lead to the performance of the staff to decline and ultimately loss to business. Memmott Growers (2002) Job design Job design refers to the way tasks are combined to form complete jobs (Robbins and Stuart-Kotze). Using job design principles results in clear job descriptions, a motivated workforce and successful completion of tasks. People are assigned to a job because they are perceived to be able to fill its requirements. . A proper job design makes jobs meaningful, interesting and challenging. Individual needs, task attributes and work setting lead to performance and satisfaction (Wood et al. 2006). According to Stevenson (2009) job design is one of the oldest aspects of operations management. Work design refers to specifies the tasks of each individuals in terms of working environment and methods of doing job is called job designing. The job design helps in smooth running of the operations; the Woolworths human resources department recruit the individual for the specific job role centrally and appoint it to the various stores. Staffs at the CBD store are appointed but there is no further induction programme to guide their duties and to use it skills for serving the customers and gaining the customer satisfaction. The store manager should have the various programmes to develop their staff according to their skills and the environmental conditions. They should more specifically distribute the staff according to the need and requirement of the task with the proper planning; this will help the store in attaining the proper utilisation of the labour and time for the specific job. The staffs at Woolworths get exhausted or losses interest by repeatedly performing the same task again on daily basis. The branch management due to lack of coordination between the store and lack of supply management system fails in designing the job for the better utilisation o the labor force. The staff also lack in control or quick decisions required at the time of operations. Although the standard work schedule in Australia is still five days and 8- hours a day and which includes the half hour break. The Woolworths store at CBD largely experiences the no show and the absenteeism of permanent staff, which results in loss of customer satisfaction and reduces business. The reason of no show and the absenteeism is the unsuitable working hours for the staff and also the long working hours lead to the no show of staff on the day of work. The above discussion of the psychological components of job design provides the insight into the factors that contribute to the job satisfaction and motivation. Motivation is a key factor in the smooth and effective running of any business. It influences the quality and the productivity of the employees working in the organisation. Monetary satisfied employee is more likely to perform well comparative to the less satisfied staff. Employees are more likely to continue their employment at a company where they can communicate openly and freely with all aspects of management, up and down chain of the command. This benefits not only the employees also the organisation (Slack et al, 2004). Work life balance from employee apparent is described as the maintenance of a balance between work life (the time spent for working at job) and life at home (that is different roles and responsibilities at home) whereby it is further been described as participation in one role has made difficult to be hundred percent in another role (Barodel, Tharenou, Moss, 1998). Due to lack of staff at the Woolworths the current staff is made to perform long hours and given limited off, which has currently resulted in the poor performance standard by them, as they are not been able to maintain balance between their professional and personal life. In order to solve the various issues with the Woolworths branch following strategies will be drawn in the further part of Essay. A well functioning process delivers the proper service. In addition Schroeder (2008) draw two key issues in service designs are the degree of variation in service requirements and the degree of customer involvement and customer contact in delivery process. These issues have an influence on determining the degree to which service can be standardized. That is every customer gets more or less the same service or highly customized to customer requests, and exactly the same service is virtually never repeated for the another customer. Woolworths Management facing challenges in designing service process to match with the requirement of the customer. The important tools that can be applied to the designing process of the service are Service matrix and Customer contact matrix. Teasley. C. E. III Ready. R. K. (1991). In case of Forecasting, Forecasts drive a businesss production, capacity and scheduling system which can directly affect the operation in finance, marketing, and personnel planning department. To maximise use of resources, capacity planning should be carried out. Klassen and Rohleder 2001) recommend four general strategies for demand forecast and capacity planning. Firstly, match that states matching capacity exactly to demand. Secondly, provide that maintains capacity at a certain level that can afford maximum demand. Thirdly, control that control demand to be at average level and fourthly, influence which influence in reducing magnitude of peaks and valleys of demand and match capacity to the resulting pattern. It is an important tool for the Woolworths management to overcome the forecasting issues as it will help in gaining the knowledge about the customer taste preferences and demand for the various goods and services at Woolworth store. Retail-oriented operations management research has focused on a variety of issues, including forecasting techniques, the use of vendor-managed inventory (VMI), and the operational antecedents of service quality and profitability. Organization having well operation system delivers the proper service. (Andrews and Parsons, 1989). The two key issues which are considered in service design is are the degree of variation in service in service requirement and the degree of customer involvement and the customer contact in delivery process these issue have raised the concerned for the determining the degree to which and what standards the degree can be standardized. According to the Hayes (1996) another strategy that can be effective is the customer contact matrix. In this system the customer contact is eliminated for the better efficiency such as the self checkout counters which help customers in purchasing the goods at the counters of their own, the Woolworths management needs the self chec kout counters also the staff which help them in guiding the customers from the selection to the purchasing goods, other system are costly but they require high interaction of the staff with the guests, with the low involvement of staff for the service and customers full involvement in purchase increases the rate of high satisfaction among the customers. Demand and capacity management strategies To determine the capacity of resources and maximizing the use of the resource, also to achieve profitability in the operations Break even analysis is the efficient tool for evaluating the capacity (Waller L.D 2003). With the help of this tool branch management can analysis the status of the store, as it provides the clear picture of the number of the goods produced and sold. This advance tool is appropriate to measure the large investments involved. This approach will help in gaining the clear picture of the branch goods produced and sold. Another tool for the total quality management is the six sigma. Six Sigma is the comprehensive system for achieving and attaining the business system. By implementing the Six Sigma improvement model which first defines the critical output and identifies the gaps for improvement, secondly measures the work and collects the data for the process that can help close the gaps. Thirdly analysis the data fourthly improves the data by modifying the or redesigning the existing procedures and lastly control the new process to make sure the performance levels are maintained Implementing the Six Sigma is a big commitment is the Woolworths management implements in the operations to improve the quality of the service and the goods it will help in raising the customer satisfaction. Planning and Scheduling System: To attain the efficient operation system, that is the capacity of the outlet, customer demands. Woolworths management can use the advance planning and scheduling system. With the help of this system the Woolworths management can use the linear programming techniques and other algorithms to develop planned schedules. In this system the Woolworths can manage the future demand efficiently for instance what to order and how much to order to the various suppliers. Effective human resource Labor planning Labor planning is the means of determining the staffing policies dealing with the employment stability and work schedule. The major problem with the Woolworths CBD branch is to maintain the work schedule of the employees. In todays fast pacing environment the employees require the flexi timings at work. Flexitime allows the employees within limits to determine their own schedule, as this policy provides employees more sovereignty and independence on the part of the employee. Similarly it is effective for the management on the cost point of view as it enhance the job satisfaction. Another option is the flexible work week; this plan often calls for the fewer hours but the longer days in week With the help of the flexibility in the working hours of the employee Woolworths can gain the job satisfaction from the employees by managing the staffing according to the employees availability, as it will help them in gaining freedom to work and manage their social life. Managers in the organisations must build or rebuild loyalty and commitment, and create a positive organisational climate in which employees are motivated to achieve at high levels of work performance .To motivate the employees monetary rewards take the form of bonuses, profit and gain sharing and incentive systems. To motivate the employees the various schemes can be adopted such as the incentives system is based on personal productivity of the employee. It helps in motivation the employees to produce or give the best above the predetermined standards. Also the staff must be maintained with the different job role every week. That is variety is added to the employees prospective of job. It helps in marinating the interest of the employee at workforce Conclusion Finally concluding the essay, the issues raised in the essay due to incapable delivery of employees is affecting the operations performance standards. Various issues, such as the poor service design and selection, process inadequacy, inefficient supply chain management, improper forecasting, and inefficient human resource system. In balance capacity management is together affecting the customers satisfaction standards. Due to the nature of the retail industry in the process of customer service, the design of service for the customers should be present. Changing according to the change in the customer requirement is the basic ingredient of the retail industry; customer satisfaction can be gained by providing better delivery of goods and services to its customers. If the customers are satisfied they will not only provide repeat business but also share their personal positive experience with others. Customers with the high level of satisfaction will provide profitability to the business than those who are merely satisfied. To maintain the high standards of the employee performance it requires the employees who are flexible, smart, presentable, and adaptable. Quality control is the important factor for the retail outlet. For the better quality and minimizing the errors the Six Sigma can help in improving the quality control tool in the branch. As the part of the action plan, the major focus of the management should be in minimizing the efforts Essay raises the issues which as the efficient operation managers are assessed and various operations tools to improve the quality of the service and the personal performance of the staff. With the implementation of the strategies such as the Six Sigma, incentive system and work schedule will help in improvising the performance standard of the staff. The Sydney CBD Woolworth is currently requires the designing of the operation system that is the management communication strategies. The employee at Woolworths have suffered from the improper design system and management strategies which lead to the loss of motivation and resulting in the decrease of their own personal performance system. References Andrews, B.H. Parsons,L.L. 1989, Bean chooses a telephone agent scheduling system, Interfaces, vol 19, issue 6,pp.1-9. Aviv.Y, 2001, The Effect of Collaborative Forecasting on Supply Chain Performance, Management Science; Oct2001, Vol. 47 Issue 10, p1326-1343. Cheng,T.C.E. Gupta, M.C., 1989 Survey of scheduling research involving due date determination decisions, European Journal of Operational Research, vol 38, pp. 156-166. Bardoel, E., Tharenau, P., Moss, S. (1998), Organizational predictors of work-family practices, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol. 36, pp. 31-49. http://vs7pm8vz2k.scholar.serialssolutions.com/?sid=googleauinit=AVaulast=Hillatitle=Research+opportunities+in+service+process+designtitle=Journal+of+operations+managementvolume=20issue=2date=2002spage=189issn=0272-6963 Emerald, 2008 viwed on 1st September 2010 http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=849489show=abstract Emerald, 2008 viewed on 2nd January 2010, http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=973CD37AFF9D1D81F4DD00B02EB9E7D1?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkhtmlcontentId=849407 Hayes, R.H. Wheelwright.S.C., 1979, The dynamics of process-product life cycles, Harvard Business Review issue 57, vol.2, pp. 127-136. Human resource motivation and flexibility viewed on 27th Dec 2009, http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/PC2002G.pdf. Heizer and Render 2003, Operation Management, Pearson Prentice Hall. 7th edition, pp 694-695. Important demand and capacity, 2008 viewed on 2nd January, 2010, http://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Services Marketing/SM-DS8.htm Klassen K.J Rohleder T.R. 2002. Demand and capacity management decisions in services: How they impact on one another International Journal of Operations Production Management, Volume 22,ÂÂ  Number 5, pp. 527-548(22). Memmott Growers (2002), Retaining and Motivating Employees. http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/PC2002G.pdf Robbins, Stephen P. Stuart-Kotze.,R., 1986, Management: Concept and Practices, Canadian Edition. Toronto: Prentice-Hall pp. 125-140 Stevenson, 2009, Operation Management, 10th edition, Mcgraw-Hill, USA Symantec Corporation, 2008, viewed on 2nd January 2010, http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/other_resources/ent-other_resources_the_capacity_to_succeed_dacm_03-2008.en-us.pdf Teasley. C. E. III Ready. R. K. 1991. Human Service Matrix: Managerial Problems and Prospects, Public Administration Review. Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 261-267. Thompson, M, G. 1995, Improved Implicit Optimal Modeling of the Labor Shift Scheduling Problem, Management Science, Vol. 41, No. 4 pp. 595-607. Waller L.D 2003, Operation Management a Supply Chain Approach, Thomson Learning, 2nd Edition. Pp 365, 559-628.

Bilingualism: The Key to Personal and National Progress Essay -- Langu

Since the conception of the United States there has been no official national language, however, English has long been the formal language of choice in America. It is used in nearly all forms of communication both internally and internationally from politics, science, marketing and any other discipline one can think of. The United States has an overwhelming focus on integrating its citizens into speaking English, but a minimal amount of effort is placed on educated any other languages. In most states second language classes are required for only two semesters in high school, and the languages offered in high school and typically limited to Spanish and French. For obvious reasons Spanish is a preferred language to teach to students due to the close proximity of Spanish speaking countries and the high influx of migration of Spanish speaking individuals to America. It is not uncommon for countries to teach its students the languages of other countries that said country is often found as sociating with. Many countries have already implemented educational systems that require two to three languages to be taught in school. These counties mainly in Europe and Asia are at the forefront of educational learning and economic viability, while they leave America scrambling to catch up. No longer can American education turn a blind eye to this vital and growing educational necessity. Many fear that bilingualism could potential hinder individual’s linguistic progress, but on the contrary bilingualism offers unprecedented benefits both to the individual student’s learning capabilities as well as added benefits to American economical services and growth. The field of neurobiology is yielding impressive results when examining the bilingual brain. O... ...n these various cultures and countries is through the ability to speak to one another and the key to this is bilingualism. From the cognitive benefits offered to an early child’s learning, to job opportunities, all the way to global interactions the mandatory inclusion of bilingualism in American education will serve to further advance all of these pursuits. Work Cited "Bilingual Youre Valuable." 24 September 2007. Career Builder. Document. April 2012. Chen, Grace. "Benefits of Foreign Language Education." 21 June 2008. Public School Review. document. april 2012. "Language Matters: A Global Shift to Bilingualism?" 28 October 2006. Language Instinct. document. April 2012. "The Advantages of Being Bilingual." 2012. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Document. April 2012. "The Bilingual Brain." n.d. Society of Neuroscience. 22 March 2012.

Medication Administration Safety

The 2013 National Patient Safety Goals Standards (NPSGS) recognize that at certain points in the health care process, a risk is present for error. Even a single error represents the risk of serious harm to the patient, with attendant negative consequences for the health care professional involved in the error. The NPSGS have been established to present procedural safeguards against the possibility of these errors. If the safeguards are consistently followed, the risk of errors will decline, with benefits to patients and health care professionals as well.The process of prescribing and dispensing medication to patients comprises a critical juncture in patient care. The process involves a number of risk points during which errors can occur. The NPSGS establish procedural safeguards in order to protect patients from medication administration errors. The standards also serve to protect health care personnel from the personal and professional consequences of making such errors. The NPSGS f or medication administration involve recommendations for the following risk points: medication reconciliation, proper identification of a patient prior to dispensing medication, and correct labeling of medication once it has been removed from its original packaging.Medication reconciliation is an important patient safety issue. Reconciliation involves obtaining information on all the medications that a patient is taking, and making sure that no duplication, incorrect prescriptions or conflicting prescriptions exist in the list of medicines. Many patients take more than one medication, and administration of medication to these patients is often complex. In order to avoid health complications from errors in medication administration, it is important that a clinician compare the medications that a patient is already receiving with new medications that have been ordered for the patient (The Joint Commission, 2012a, p. 2).Reconciliation of medication is done to detect discrepancies in th e prescriptions for a patient. Discrepancies in medication administration can have an adverse effect on patient health outcomes. Discrepancies in the  medications for a patient may involve duplication of medicines, omission of needed medications, undesirable interactions between medications, or the need for a decision by a clinician regarding whether to continue a medication (The Joint Commission, 2012a, p. 2). Clinicians use specific information to reconcile discrepancies. This may include the name of the medication, the dosage, the frequency of use (even if only occasional or as needed), the route used to administer the medication such as oral vs. intravenous, and the reason for use (The Joint Commission, 2012a, p. 2).A second risk point for patients during medication administration involves coordination of information between health care providers regarding the medications used by a patient. Once again, a patient may be taking numerous medications, and when a patient is admitte d to a care facility or visits a clinic, this information is important for planning care. Gaps in this information can result in medication administration errors. The NSPGS recommend coordinating medication information between health care providers during the transition of a patient within and outside of a health care organization in order to perform medication reconciliation (PC.02.02.01).For example, when a patient is admitted to a hospital, it is important that the complete list of medications that they are taking is available to the admitting health care professionals. If the patient has been treated by physicians outside the hospital and has been prescribed medication by them, the admitting health care professionals need this information. The NSPGS also advises that health care professionals provide patients with education on the safe use of medications, especially if they are discharged from the care facility.The NSPGS reminds care providers that patients need to be reminded t hat if one of their prescriptions is changed by a care provider, all other care providers should be informed of the change (The Joint Commission, 2012a, p. 2). New requirement in the NSPGS state that health care personnel are now required to inform the patient about the importance of keeping this information updated.Clinicians must know whether a patient is taking medication, and which ones they are taking in order to plan the best care, and to provide appropriate treatment and services (The Joint Commission, 2012a, p. 2). The patient must be reminded of their own  responsibility to inform care providers of which medications they take, and of changes to the medications.There are five goals stated within the NSPGS regarding medication reconciliation. These are: 1) to obtain and/or update medication information for the patient upon admission, or during the first point of contact. The list of medications that the patient has been taking at home should be compared with those that have been recently ordered for the patient. Any discrepancies should be immediately resolved by a clinician. This information should be stored in a list format that is easily accessible to other clinicians.The list should include medications that are taken only as needed as well as those taken according to a schedule. Yet patients are frequently unable to communicate this information clearly due to illness or other handicaps. Since it is often difficult to obtain this information from a patient, the NSPGS notes that a good faith effort will be considered adequate. 2) To make certain that health care facilities define requirements regarding patient medication administration. The health care facility should clearly define the type of medication administration information that will be obtained according to various settings and circumstances. This type of information includes name of drug, dosage, route, frequency of use, and purpose.3) A qualified clinician should compare medications curre ntly being administered to the patient with new ones that are ordered in order to detect discrepancies. 4) When the patient leaves a health care setting such as a hospital, to provide the patient or caregiver (such as family) with written information regarding medication that should be taken. 5) Inform the patient of the importance of managing their medication information so that it is updated as changes in prescriptions occur (The Joint Commission, 2012a, p. 2).Another risk point of medication administration involves giving medication to the wrong patient. Administration of medication to the wrong patient is  an error that can occur in any stage of diagnosis or treatment. In order to avoid these medication errors, the NPSGS recommend the use of at least two patient identifiers when administering medication. For banded patients, the correct identifiers to use are the patient name printed on band, and the account number of medical record number, which is also printed on the band (C ompau, 2013, p. 16).Since the patient’s room number or location is not an adequate identifier, it may not be used for this purpose (The Joint Commission, 2012b, p. 1). In health care setting such as clinics, a patient may not be banded. For non-banded patients in a clinical environment, the process for proper identification includes asking the patient to state their name and date of birth (Compau, 2013, p. 16).Of equal importance, the NPSGS recommend that all medications that have been removed from the original packaging be labeled. These include all medication containers such as basins, syringes, and medicine cups. Medications that are transferred to containers that are unlabeled comprise a safety hazard. This action leaves a margin for error that may result in tragic consequences for the patient. It is not enough for a health care provider to assume that they know what is in the container (The Joint Commission, 2012b, p. 3). A sterile pen and label must be used to mark all solutions (Compau, 2013, p. 23).Labeling must be done whenever a medication is transferred from the original packaging to another container. This is done so that even in a busy medical environment, with several health care professionals at work, the possibility of administering the wrong medication to a patient is reduced. Even in a procedural setting where only one medication is being used, the medication must be labeled if it is removed from original packaging and is not going to be administered immediately. This protects the patient by reducing the risk of error to a minimum.If an unlabeled container holding medication is found, it must be discarded immediately, as a safety precaution. It is not appropriate for any health care provider to assume that they know what is in the container. Discarding the medication eliminates the risk that the medication is something other than what may be assumed. Further, even medication containers that are clearly labeled must be removed and  di scarded, along with the contents, when a procedure is done (The Joint Commission, 2012b, p. 3).The NSPGS address the risk factors that are inherent in providing the highest standard of medical care for patients. The standards that address administering medication to patients are designed to reduce the likelihood of human error or lack of information from harming a patient. At certain points in the process of giving medication to a patient, the likelihood of errors rises. As the result of careful analysis of how the medication administration process is conducted, and how errors occur and have already caused harm to patients, the NSPGS have established the current safeguards.

Biochemical: Escherichia Coli & Salmonella Typhimurium

The first step in the identification process is generally obtaining isolation. A usual isolation technique for isolation is the streak plate. With this method a small droplet of culture is spread over the surface of the medium in a pattern that gradually thins the sample out and separates the cells spatially over the sections of the plate. Streaking is used to isolate single cells in order to separate different types of bacteria in a mixed sample. The plates used are sterile and provide nutrients to sustain growth. Gram's Stain is a widely used method of staining bacteria as an aid to identification. It is used to determine the identity of a sample. Gram staining is used to differentiate bacterial species into two large groups Gram-positive and Gram-negative based on the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls. Gram's stain differentiates between two major cell wall types. Bacterial species with walls containing small amounts of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide, are Gram-negative and bacteria with walls containing relatively large amounts of peptidoglycan and no lipopolysaccharide are Gram-positive. The Gram stain also allows for cell size, shape, and arrangement to be determined. Biochemical testing also helps to identify organisms. One type of biochemical test is fermentation tests. Fermentation is the formation of gas, acid, and other products by the action of bacteria on pyruvic acid. PR Glucose, PR Lactose, and PR Sucrose fermentation detection can be seen as broth color change and the presence or absence of a bubble. Making use of a mannitol salt agar growth can help determine and/or isolate gram positive cocci, interpretations are made by growth and color results. Citrate and Malonate tests are based on differentiating organisms based on ability to grow when an essential nutrient is available in a limited number of forms. The results are interpreted based on color change and growth, with any change resulting as positive which means citrate is utilized. Malonate is utilized and positive if the liquid changes to dark blue. Hydrolytic enzymes that are used in reactions that use water to split complex molecules, these enzymes are detected by the Urease and Bile Esculin tests, which produce identifiable color changes in the medium. A positive Bile Esculin test esults when the medium is darkened,a nd negative when there is no color change. A positive Urease test occurs when the medium is pink and means a strong urease production and orange/yellow is negative with no production of urease. The catalase test detects an organism’s ability to produce catalase, an enzyme that that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide. When catalase is present the reaction is positive and bubbles are formed, absence of catalase is negative and with no bubbles. SIM is a combination media, which includes core tests to differentiate members of a specific bacteria and can be used to replace a sequence of individual tests. SIM tests for sulfur reduction and indole production. Sulfur is reduced when the media is black(+) and sulfur is not reduced when the medium is not black(-). Indole is formed from Tryptophan when there is red in the alchol layer of Kovac’s agent and not formed when the reagent’s color is unchanged. Making use of biochemical test, Gram’s staining, and streak plate isolation are tools that can be utilized in order to determine the identity of bacteria. Using changes in media to confirm an organism. Each organism has its own characteristics that makes it differ from others, thus the identity can be found.

Importance of Communication and Personal Participation in an Organization Essays

Importance of Communication and Personal Participation in an Organization Essays Importance of Communication and Personal Participation in an Organization Essay Importance of Communication and Personal Participation in an Organization Essay During my time working as a Sprint PCS telesales superviser, I believed that the concepts of communication, as well as, personal participation, were the most critical components of any relationship and also equally the most difficult tasks facing any staff leaders or people in positions of authority. While I have rarely considered communications in the terms described by what we have learned in class this semester, I have definetly pondered the challenges and processes through which communication is expressed throughout professional organizations. In the business setting, I was most comfortable communicating individually with my employees, as well as, various customers and citizens who were interested in our companies services. I believe that my personality, interpersonal skills, educational training, and personal life experiences have enabled me to effectively communicate with people in meaningful ways. In class we learned that during oral communication situations the exchange of information between the sender and receiver is immediate, personal, and both parties have the advantage of interpreting non-verbal cues and clarifying verbal exchanges. One-on-one communication also provides the unique opportunity to build a meaningful relationship between the sender and receiver because of its personal nature. I am convinced that the foundation of any beneficial relationship is trust; and, trust is the result of effective communication. I was always told that trust is an investment that you have to be willing to make in others and that others are willing to make in me. It is fair to say that this form of communication enabled me to perform my duties accuretly and be a successful leader and supervisor.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Law - Essay Example WebCT is NOT an electronic source of law. 1. Leeds University-UK Law Online 2. The Law Commission Reforming the Law Website From the information above, and/or from other sources, compile a preliminary bibliography for your essay. (You can add to this later, but for now your list should be in alphabetical order, and contain at least four items). Duhaime's online legal dictionary-P 2004. Retrieved January 2, 2007, from http://www.duhaime.org/dictionary/dict-p.aspx Holland, J & Webb, J 2004, Learning Legal Rules: A Student's Guide to Legal Method and Reasoning, 6th edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Leeds University 1998, The sources of the legal system, Retrieved January 2, 2007, from http://www.leeds.ac.uk/law/hamlyn/sls.htm The Law Commission 2001, Double jeopardy and prosecution appeals, Retrieved January 2, 2007, from http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/docs/lc267.pdf Give two examples of how you cited/will cite one of the sources you have referred to above (either as a footnote or an endnote). 1. The legal definition of precedent will be utilized as a footnote as follows: Retrieved January 2, 2007, from http://www.duhaime.org/dictionary/dict-p.aspx 2. The sources of Law will be examined utilizing the information present on the information on precedence located at the Leeds University-UK Law Online website. The footnote for that reference will be as follows: Retrieved January 2, 2007, from http://www.leeds.ac.uk/law/hamlyn/legalsys.htm In the space below, produce a preliminary plan for your essay. (You might consider using some or all of the following headings. The headings should not be used in your final essay - they are to help you plan only). You could... Since I am new to the study of law, I searched for introductory legal books. The book entitled "Learning Legal Rules: A Student's Guide to Legal Method and Reasoning" is one that comes highly recommended and is an excellent source of basic information on which I can build a strong foundation for my continued study of law. Additionally, it is the book that I utilize for my seminars. From the information above, and/or from other sources, compile a preliminary bibliography for your essay. (You can add to this later, but for now your list should be in alphabetical order, and contain at least four items). 2. The sources of Law will be examined utilizing the information present on the information on precedence located at the Leeds University-UK Law Online website. The footnote for that reference will be as follows: - Main arguments-Precedence is used in all areas of law. It ensures consistency in the laws of different jurisdictions and also shows reasonable development in law. It presumes equal treatment of all under the law and once precedence has been set it is used as a means of simplifying the judicial process while maintaining equality under the law. Essentially, it prevents a reinvention of the wheel. A precedent as utilized in legal lexicon

Geology of China Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geology of China - Assignment Example The Rift Valley system starts in East Africa, from the Gulf of Aden and ends in Malawi. However, it is seismically vigorous beyond Malawi. The Rift began in the north at the commencement of Tertiary and progressed to the south with time. Therefore, it has its beginning in the far-off hot position as an enormous domal upgrade (Afro-Arabian Dome) covering over 1000 km in width. The oceanic cracks in the Red Sea meet with those in the Indian Ocean. Rift System constitutes the third wing, a compound attribute with two major Rift branches, a Western and an Eastern Rifts. The Eastern Rift has a wide range of volcanoes from Suswa up to Turkana. Subsequent hot spot embodied by the Kenya domal elevation forms the base of the Rift that is elliptical in design and approximately 1000 km broad. It has three Rift wings, two of them establish the main cleft; the third (Kavirondo) suppresses the trending west from the central point of the dome. To the north, around Lake Turkana precincts sedimentation subjugates volcanic production. Consequently, Prospecting for petroleum and gas within a sedimentary block of the floor are starting to occur. The Western split of deep lakes and a small number of volcanoes, changes the course of the eastern border of the Kenyan field: Uganda to Tanzania and progressing south to Malawi. The base of that Rift contains sediments (containing hydrocarbons) that are longer in shape, and occupying a sink of 4.5 km in height, but volcanism is secondary. Apart from that, it hosts Africa’s major active volcanoes around Virunga Mountains. The Rift Valley is a structure of faults edging at 40-60 km wide through, opening outwards in the north region. The Kenyan Rift changes direction and splays towards the north and south Tanzania. Domal improvement and proliferation leads to a fracture in the brittle crust. Subsequently, an array of typical faults resulted in the classic Horst structure of the